Caucasian Languages, North Caucasian languages

P.K. Uslar, Etnografiia Kavkaza: IAzykoznanie, 6 vol. in 3 (1887–96), and a more recent volume, published from the author's manuscript, vol. 7 (1979), contains descriptive grammars of the individual North Caucasian languages. A. Tschikobava, “Die ibero-kaukasischen Gebirgssprachen und der heutige Stand ihrer Erforschung in Georgien,” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 9:109–161 (1959), a brief survey of the North Caucasian languages, includes an extensive bibliography. N. Trubetzkoy, “Nordkaukasische Wortgleichungen,” Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, vol. 37 (1930), pp. 79–92, establishes sets of sound correspondences between the West and East Caucasian languages and deals with the history of their consonantism. Georges Dumézil, Études comparatives sur les langues caucasiennes du nord-ouest (morphologie) (1932), offers a comparative analysis of the grammatical structure of the Abkhazo-Adyghian languages. A.H. Kuipers, Phoneme and Morpheme in Kabardian (East Adyghe) (1960), analyzes in detail the phonemic structure of morphemes in Kabardian and includes a typological comparison with other linguistic systems. W.S. Allen, “Structure and System in the Abaza Verbal Complex,” Transactions of the Philological Society (1956), pp. 127–176, comprehensively analyzes the verb structure in Abaza.Two essays by Alf Sommerfelt in Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap, “Études comparatives sur le caucasique du Nord-ouest,” 7:178–210 (1934), and “Études comparatives . . . Nord-est,” 9:115–143 (1938), compare the sound systems of the Nakh languages. Henricus Joannes Smeets, Studies in West Circassian Phonology and Morphology (1984); John Colarusso, The Northwest Caucasian Languages: A Phonological Survey (1988), and A Grammar of the Kabardian Languages (1992); and Martin Haspelmath, A Grammar of Lezgian (1993). T.E. Gudava, Konsonantizm andiiskikh iaazykov (1964), reconstructs the original consonant system of the Avar-Andi-Dido languages. B.K. Gigineishvili, Sravnitel'naia fonetika dagestanskikh iazykov (1977), presents a comparative phonetic study of Dagestanian languages. Two essays in N.I. Konrad et al. (eds.), IAzyki Azii i Afriki, vol. 3, IAzyki drevnei Perednei Azii (nesemitskie) (1979), are also of interest: E.A. Bokarev, “Dagestanskie iazyki,” pp. 161–172; and M.A. Kumakhov and A.K. Shagirov, “Abkhazo-adygskie iazyki,” pp. 133–160.